Final Essay #3

Although Native Americans ultimately lost every war they fought with Europeans, they still had a pivotal roll in shaping the history of their continent. When the Europeans first landed they sometimes helped us with traid but other times the two sides fought because they spoke different languages and they had different traditions so they didn't get along. This is how the Native Americans helped the history of the continent when the Europeans first landed.
Durring the time of King Philip's war the Indians played a major roll in the fighting. They were a tough enemy to fight and they helped America get an army established. The battles that we fought with the Indians were large and bloody. This is how the Native Americans helped shape the history of their continent.
Durring the time of the French and Indian war and the American Revolutionary war, The Indians played a major roll in helping the french. They helped the French not only in number but with showing them a new fighting tactic where you hid behind obsticles for cover. In the American Revolution they did not play as a major roll in the fighting but still helped. This id how the Native Americans shape the history of their continent.

Final Essay #1

George Washington was horrible as a genral in the French and Indian war. He did not understand that standing in formation while the enemy shoots at you from under cover is a bad idea. He was too used to the old formal fighting tactics of the English while the French adaptid to the fighting styles of the Indians. This was mostly because he was young and he was just doing what he was taught instaed of making decisions for himself. This is why Washington was a bad genral during the French and Indian was.
In the American Revolutionary war, George Washington began to learn about how to fight without using the tactic where people stand in a field and take turns shooting at eachother. He gained most of his knolage from fighting experience. An example that he left his former fighting tactics behind is, at the battle of brokelin hights when he lost, instead of staying and having tea with the other genrals, he snuck away in the night. This is how Washington began to grow as a genral.
Washington played a unique roll in the founding of america. He was able to inspire soldiers to fight even though they lost almost every battle. At Vally Forge, when he could have gone somewhere else with a warm bed and plenty of food, he stayed with his soldiers and went through the tough times with them. This is why the soldiers respected his. This is why Washington played a unique roll in the founding of america.

Revolution and War

1763-1789

Revolution Notes

1763—Proclamation Act(The proclamation act was a law that said that all land west of the Appalachian Mountains was the Indian's land.)

1764—Grenville Acts (direct tax)

• Sugar (molasses, wine)

• Stamp

• Quartering

• Currency

Virtual/ Direct Representation

No taxation without representation

1765—Stamp Act Congress

• Sons of Liberty A secret group of American patriots who rebeled against the British.
• Samuel Adams
• Paul Revere
• John Hancock
• Propaganda
• Boycotts
• Lobsters (Lobster-backs, Thomas Lobster)

Formed for action against the Stamp Act

1766—Declaratory Act

Britian passed an act to make laws in the colonies in all matters

1767—Townsend Acts (indirect tax)

• Charles Townsend
• Writs of Assistance (search warrants)
• Revenue used to pay Royal officials in the colonies
• Tea Act (glass, paper, paint) support British East India Company

(Second attempt to get money from the Seven year War.)

1770—Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770
• Local reaction (primarily) was really negative.
• 5 dead colonists
• John Adams defends British soldiers/5 exonerated-2 convicted
• Convicted men discharged and thumbs branded
• 
  
  

1773—Boston Tea Party

• November 30, 1773--Dartmouth sails into Boston Harbor
• December 16, 1773--Tea dumped into harbor
• 340 chests of tea dumped (value of 10,000 British pounds)

• (Reaction to Townsend acts.)

• 
  
  

1774—Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts in Britain)

• Close the port of Boston
• Shut down Provincial and Town Governments
• All offices appointed
• Named General Thomas Gage as Governor
• Gave all western lands north of the Ohio R. to Quebec, allowed Catholic Church to practice
• beginning of Revolution

1774—1^st Continental Congress

• September to October (7 weeks)
• Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia
• 
  
• New England—John Adams, Paul Revere, Silas Deane
• Virginia—Washington, Patrick Henry, Peyton Randolph,Richard Henry Lee
• Pennsylvania—John Dickenson, Joseph Galloway (Plan for American council under Parliament, to avoid war)
• New York—John Jay, James Duane
• Maryland—Samuel Chase (future Supreme Court Justice), Charles Carroll (richest man in Maryland, Catholic)
• 
  
• Declaration of Rights—rejects Parliamentary authority over internal colonial affairs, colonies manage own defense, united aid to Boston if Intolerable Acts continue, absolute boycott of British goods to be enforced rigidly

One goes to war, all go to war

1775— January

• William Pitt urges Parliament to withdraw troops from America because the idea of managing the colonies through force was “too ridiculous to take up a moment of your lordships’ time”

1775—April 19 Lexington and Concord

• Gen. Gage sends 700 men to Concord to seize the powder supplies
• Paul Revere and William Dawes raise alarm the night before
• Town of Lexington is on the way to Concord
• Minutemen are assembled on the town common
• “Shot heard round the world”
• 18 colonials killed and the rest run away
• British march on to Concord and find the munitions were moved overnight
• Minutemen ambush the British the whole way back to Boston
• 430 Redcoats make it back to Boston
• 30,000 Colonists surround Boston
• First battle between Britain and America

1775—May

• Gen. Howe, Gen. Clinton, Gen. Burgoyne
• 5,000 British troops
• Ethan Allen, “Green Mountain Boys” seize Fort Ticonderoga
• Henry Knox uses canon to lay siege on Boston
• Benedict Arnold (Connecticut) takes Fort Crown Point to impede an invasion from Canada
• 
  
• 1775—May 10, 2^nd Continental Congress

• Sam Adams pushes for Independence
• John Dickenson (Penn.) urges restraint
• Agree to form Colonial Army
• Delegates unanimously agree to Washington as Commander of Continental Army (John Adams suggestion)1775—June 17, “Battle of Bunker Hill”

• Adopted the Declaration of Independance and Articles of Confederation

  
  

• Actually fought on Breed’s Hill
• Gen. Howe leads assault without canon support (his canon had been matched with wrong-sized cannonballs [Amherst at Ticonderoga])
• Militia waited to within 30 yards (some say 15 yards)
• Militia target British officers
• Militia ran extremely low on ammunition
• On the third assault, led by Gen. Howe, British troops overtake the colonial position
• Britain losses almost 1000 men (about half the attacking force)
• Colonials lose about 500 men
• Battle that showed congress that America can hold it's own.

1776—January, Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine

• 120,000 copies sold in three months1776—March
• A essay that was read at pubs and common men worked up engough to riot.

• Gen. William Howe evacuates Boston
• July 2, lands in Staten Island, New York (Loyalist base)

1776—Declaration of Independence

• June 7, Richard Henry Lee (Virginia) introduces legislation to declare independence from Britain
• Before voting on Lee’s proposal Congress appoints five-man committee to draft a formal Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson, 33, does most of the writing)
• June 28, Declaration presented to Congress
• July 2, Congress approves Lee’s legislation to declare the United States of America independent of Great Britain
• July 4, Congress officially adopts the Declaration of Independence
• The Declaration intended to:

1. Undermine loyalty to King George III
2. Outline basic principles of representative government
3. Establish the “right” of rebellion

4. "Break Up" letter to the king.

War

1776—August, Brooklyn Heights, New York

• Largest Naval group Britain will launch until the 20^th century
• British victory, city falls to England
• As winter came “sunshine patriots” left the American Army
• Initial colonial enlistments due to expire
• George Washington almost captured, snuck off in the fog

• 
  

1776—December, Battle of Trenton

• Howe believes war almost won
• 1,400 Hessians stationed at Trenton
• Colonel Rall (Hessian) builds no fortifications
• Washington “Crosses the Delaware” Christmas night
• 2,500 men; 18 artillery guns
• Surprise attack at dawn
• 106 Hessians killed, 918 captured
• No colonial casualties
• Washington retreats in secret to avoid Gen. Cornwallis counter-attack
• Rall had a warning but did not read it, died with the warning in his pocket

1777—January, Princeton

• Washington ambushes British troops
• Colonial victory establishes this will not be a quick war for Britain
• One of few small victories for Washington
  

1777—September-October, Saratoga

• Gen. Burgoyne plans a three-prong attack on colonials at Albany
• Plan does not consider the terrain, forcing British troops to march through swamps, lakes, hills and forests full of rebels
• Two of the three “prongs” never arrive (Howe goes to Philadelphia instead, St. Leger retreats to New York afraid of Benedict Arnold)
• Sept. Burgoyne crosses Hudson River
• Oct. 17, Burgoyne surrenders
• Establishes American Army as real threat
• Helps secure open French Alliance
• Turning Point of the War
• First real victory of the war was won by Horatio Gates

777-1778—Winter at Valley Forge

• Under-funded troops
• Low morale
• 10,000+ troops
• 4,000 troops listed as “unfit for duty” due to poor supplies (boots, blankets, coats, etc.)
• 2,500 troops die of disease (typhus, typhoid fever, dysentery, pneumonia)
• George Washington mentioned a lack of shoes so severe that the men's "marches might be tracked by the blood from their feet”
• Local farmers would sell produce to Brits who could pay cash
• A horrible winter for Washington's troops

1779—February, Vincennes

1780—August, Camden

1780—October, Kings Mountain

1781—October, Yorktown

• British Gen. Cornwallis
• American Gen. Washington (also “Mad” Anthony Wayne, Baron von Steuben )
• French Gen. Rochambeau (also Marquis de Lafayette )
• Essentially a French Naval victory
• Last significant battle of the war
• 

Big shebang!!

1783—Sept. 3, Treaty of Paris

• Britain recognizes American independence
• America gets all land from Atlantic coast to Miss. River, Great Lakes to Florida
• Fishing rights to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and off the coast of Newfoundland
• America must pay debts to Britain
• American congress would “earnestly recommend” all Loyalist property returned (States ignore this request)
• America came out with most of the spoils